Neurologia
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- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the risk of strokePublication . Cole, J; Pinto, A; Hebel, J; Buchholz, D; Earley, C; Johnson, C; Macko, R; Price, T; Sloan, M; Stern, B; Wityk, R; Wozniak, M; Kittner, SBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is thought to increase the risk of stroke, few data exist to quantify this risk. This is the first population-based study to quantify the AIDS-associated risk of stroke. METHODS: We identified all incident ischemic stroke (IS) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cases among young adults 15 to 44 years of age in central Maryland and Washington, DC, who were discharged from any of the 46 hospitals in the study area in 1988 and 1991. Using data from the medical records, 2 neurologists reviewed each case to confirm the diagnosis. Cases of AIDS among these patients with stroke were defined using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria (1987). The number of cases of AIDS in the central Maryland and Washington population during 1988 and 1991 was determined from regional health departments working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Poisson regression was used to estimate the age-, race-, and sex-adjusted relative risk of stroke associated with AIDS. RESULTS: There were 385 IS cases (6 with AIDS) and 171 ICH cases (6 with AIDS). The incidences of IS and ICH among persons with AIDS were both 0.2% per year. AIDS conferred an adjusted relative risk of 13.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1 to 30.8) for IS and 25.5 (95% CI, 11.2 to 58.0) for ICH. After exclusion of 5 cases of stroke in AIDS patients in whom other potential causes were identified, AIDS patients continued to have an increased risk of stroke with an adjusted relative risk of 9.1 (95% CI, 3.4 to 24.6) for IS and 12.7 (95% CI, 4.0 to 40.0) for ICH. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study found that AIDS is strongly associated with both IS and ICH.
- Adesão e sucesso terapêuticoPublication . Cardoso, H; Cunha, R
- AIDS/HIV infection and cerebrovascular diseasePublication . Pinto, AThe occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been reported mainly in advanced stages of the disease and was generally associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, opportunistic infections, or tumors, although in recent series a large number of cryptogenic strokes were found, probably related to HIV vasculopathy. Recently a population-based study reported a strong association between acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and both ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, with an incidence of 0.2% per year. However, with the advent of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART)-causing immune restoration in HAARTtreated patients and avoiding early death and leading to a lengthening of the disease free-survival, an older population was created, which is at higher risk for stroke. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that accelerated atherosclerosis may be a potential risk for stroke in these patients as it accompanies dyslipidemia and insulin resistance that were found to be more frequent among patients in the HAART regimen. The relationship of HIV infection and stroke is undergoing remarkable changes and epidemiological studies should be performed on aging HIV populations to state the impact of this new information on the incidence of cerebrovascular disease in HIV-infected patients and to identify factors that are associated with its occurrence.
- Alterações mesiotemporais em doentes com neurossífilisPublication . Bousende, M; Cravo, I; Lopes, L; Gonçalves, C; Herrero Valverde, A; Palma, TObjectivos: Avaliar e descrever os achados clínico-imagiológicos de dois doentes com alterações mesiotemporais num contexto de neurossífilis. Métodos: Foram revistos dois casos de neurossífilis com lesões mesiotemporais. Os dados clínicos foram recolhidos dos proces - sos dos doentes, incluindo sexo, idade, apresentação clínica, alterações laboratoriais, electroencefalograma, tratamento e evolução clínica. Foram reavaliadas as ressonâncias magnéticas iniciais e de seguimento dos pacientes. Resultados: Apresentamos dois doentes do sexo masculino, 45 e 43 anos, imunocompetentes e sem história de sífilis conhecida. Ambos apresentavam história de alterações do comportamento, desorientação e alterações mnésicas com semanas de evolução. Laboratorialmente os resultados foram compatíveis com neurossífilis (TPHA e VDRL no sangue e líquor), sendo as serologias para HSV negativas. Na ressonância magnética identificaram-se lesões da substância branca temporal, amígdalas, hipocampos, gyri para - hipocampi e ínsulas. Foi realizada terapêutica com penicilina G durante 14 dias, com evolução clínico-imagiológica favorável. Conclusões: A variabilidade da apresentação clínica e imagiológica na neurossífilis dificulta o seu diagnóstico. O início precoce do tratamento melhora significativamente o prognóstico dos doentes, pelo que um diagnóstico atempado é determinante. Do ponto de vista imagiológico, a neurossífilis deverá ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial nos casos de lesões mesiotemporais, alertando os clínicos para a importância da sua investigação laboratorial.
- An Adult with Episodic Abnormal Limb PosturingPublication . Santos, M; Rebordão, L; Leitão, L; Costa, C; Lobo, P
- Apresentação neurológica rara de endocardite infecciosaPublication . Parreira, E; Cruz, S; Loureiro, J; Faustino, M
- AVC e alterações cutâneasPublication . Neves, P; Martins, R; Peres, J; Machado, S; Campillo, J; Herrero Valverde, A
- AVC... Uma realidadePublication . Maldonado, E
- Behavioral response to headache: a comparison between migraine and tension-type headache.Publication . Martins, I; Parreira, EOBJECTIVE: To compare patients with migraine and tension-type headache in their behavior during the attacks and the maneuvers used to relieve the pain. BACKGROUND: Patients with headache often perform nonpharmacological measures to relieve the pain, but it is not known if these behaviors vary with the diagnosis, clinical features, and pathogenesis. METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with either migraine (n = 72 ) or tension-type headache (n = 28) were questioned (including the use of a checklist) concerning their usual behavior during the attacks and nonpharmacological maneuvers performed to relieve the pain. The results of the two types of headache were compared. RESULTS: Patients with migraine tended to perform more maneuvers than individuals with tension-type headache (mean, 6.2 versus 3). These maneuvers included pressing and applying cold stimuli to the painful site, trying to sleep, changing posture, sitting or reclining in bed (using more pillows than usual to lay down), isolating themselves, using symptomatic medication, inducing vomiting, changing diet, and becoming immobile during the attacks. The only measure predominantly reported by patients with tension-type headache was scalp massage. However, the benefit derived from these measures was not significantly different between the two groups (except for a significantly better response to isolation, local pressure, local cold stimulation, and symptomatic medication in migraineurs). CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of patients during headache attacks varies with the diagnosis. Measures that do not always result in pain relief are performed to prevent its worsening or to improve associated symptoms. These behavioral differences may be due to the different pathogenesis of the attacks or to different styles of dealing with the pain. They can also aid the differential diagnosis between headaches in doubtful cases.
- Bethlem Myopathy Phenotypes and Follow Up: Description of 8 Patients at the Mildest End of the Spectrum.Publication . Cruz, S; Figueroa-Bonaparte, S; Gallardo, E; de Becdelièvre, A; Gartioux, C; Allamand, V; Piñol, P; Garcia, MA; Jiménez-Mallebriera, C; Llauger, J; González-Rodríguez, L; Cortes-Vicente, E; Illa, I; Díaz-Manera, JThe classical phenotypes of collagen VI-associated myopathies are well described. Little is known, however, about the progression of patients at the mildest end of the clinical spectrum. In this report, we describe the clinical findings and the results of MRI, muscle biopsy, collagen VI expression in cultured skin fibroblasts and genetic tests of a series of patients with Bethlem myopathy. Our series highlights the existence of mild presentations of this disorder that progresses only slightly and can easily be overlooked. Analysis of the genetic studies suggests that missense mutations can be associated to a milder clinical presentation. Muscle MRI is extremely useful as it shows a pathognomonic pattern in most patients, especially those with some degree of muscle weakness.