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- Abordagem terapêutica do polipo malignoPublication . Deus, JRA designação de polipo maligno significa a presença de um adenoma com um foco de carcinoma que invade a submucosa (carcinoma invasivo). Este tempo é habitualmente utilizado quando um polipo que foi ressecado por via endoscópica, se vem a comprovar, após exame histológico, conter carcinoma invasivo. A incidência de polipos malignos, removidos endoscopicamente, é em média de 4,7% (0,2-9,4%). O risco de malignidade está associado à dimensão, localização e configuração histológica. A abordagem terapêutica dum polipo maligno varia entre uma atitude conservadora, considerando a polipectomia tratamento adequado e suficiente e uma atitude cirúrgica de ressecção complementar, no caso contrário. A ressecção cirúrgica deverá tomar em conta os riscos potenciais de carcinoma residual e/ ou metastático da lesão excisada em comparação com o risco potencial, em termos de mobilidade e mortalidade, do próprio acto cirúrgico. A ressecção endoscópica de um polipo maligno pediculado, constitui habitualmente tratamento curativo, desde que esteja assegurada a sua excisão completa, com uma margem livre de ressecção e que o carcinoma não seja pouco diferenciado ou indiferenciado (grau III) e não exista invasão linfática ou vascular. O risco de doença metastática nesta situação é de 0,3%. Um polipo maligno sessil ressecado endoscopicamente possui maior risco de metastização (1,5%), mesmo com critérios histológicos favoráveis. A ressecção cirúrgica complementar deverá ser contemplada, em doentes cujo risco cirúrgico seja inferior ao risco de metastização. Cada caso deverá ser considerado individualmente, devendo a abordagem terapêutica ser devidamente ponderada pelos médicos intervenientes (gastrenterologista, anatomopatologista, cirurgião), em função dos riscos e beneficio de eventual ressecção cirúrgica complementar, após discussão com o doente e/ ou seus familiares.
- Actinomycosis Causing Recurrent Perianal FistulaePublication . Cardoso, M; Carneiro, C; Lourenço, L; Rodrigues, C; Alberto, S; João, A; Rocha, R; Geraldes, V; Costa, A; Reis, J; Nunes, VActinomycosis is a rare but easily curable infection that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of perianal fistulizing disease. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman with complex perianal fistulae, including trans-sphincteric and suprasphincteric fistulous tracts and a rectovaginal fistula, requiring multiple abscess drainages, seton placement, and antibiotic courses, with little improvement. After extensive investigation, Actinomyces spp. was identified in anal cytology. The patient underwent a 6-week course of intravenous penicillin followed by oral amoxicillin, with remarkable improvement. This case illustrates the importance of pursuing less common diagnoses in refractory complex perianal disease, such as actinomycosis.
- Acute Hepatitis in the DRESS SyndromePublication . Oliveira, AM; Carvalho, R; Martins, A; Reis, JDrug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe, idiosyncratic reaction characterized by diffuse maculopapular rash, facial edema, lym- phadenopathy, fever, eosinophilia and/or other leukocyte abnormalities, and involvement of internal organs as liver, kidney, heart and lung. Diagnosing this entity is specifically complicated due to the multiplicity of organs involved. DRESS syndrome must be recognized promptly and the causative drug withdrawn in order to improve patient outcomes. Indeed, it is a potentially life-threatening condition, with a reported mortality between 5 and 20%. We describe a case of a 22-year old woman admitted to our hospital with acute diffuse, pruritic rash associated with crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and fever three weeks after starting sulfasalazine therapy. Initially, laboratory parameters revealed normal white blood cell count and normal liver enzymes, but during hospitalization, eosinophilia developed and liver enzymes, including transaminases and cholestatic parameters, dramatically increased. The diagnostic of DRESS syn- drome was made and sulfasalazine was withdrawn and as there were signs of disease severity, systemic corticotherapy was initiated, with gradually improvement of the rash and symptoms resolution. The patient was discharged home after thirty days of hospitalization.
- Associação entre anemia perniciosa e tumor carcinóide gástrico: a propósito de um caso clínicoPublication . Carvalho, R; Leichsenring, C; Félix, J; Gomes, F; Manso, RT; Geraldes, V; Cuña, L; Branquinho, F; Perloiro, MCOs tumores carcinóides gástricos são raros, representando ≤ 1% dos tumores gástricos e 8,7% de todos os carcinóides gastrentestinais. Os autores descrevem o caso clínico de uma mulher de 32 anos admitida por anemia macrocítica, e cuja investigação etiológica revelou tratar-se de uma anemia perniciosa (AP). Realizou uma endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA), onde se encontraram 6 nódulos bem delimitados no corpo e fundo gástricos. O resultado histopatológico foi consistente com o diagnóstico de tumor carcinóide, bem diferenciado. Após exclusão de metastização secundária (por TC e cintigrafia com octreótido), tendo em conta o envolvimento multifocal do tumor e a presença de metaplasia intestinal completa no corpo e fundo gástricos, a doente foi proposta para gastrectomia total que decorreu sem intercorrências. Iniciou terapêutica com vitamina B-12, com excelente resposta clínica e analítica. O objectivo da publicação deste caso assenta no alertar para o risco do aparecimento dos carcinóides gástricos nos doentes com AP e da necessidade de realização de EDA imediatamente após o diagnóstico da mesma. Nos carcinóides gástricos tipo I que não apresentam doença à distância, a evolução é benigna.
- Biodegradable stent for the treatment of a colonic stricture in Crohn's diseasePublication . Rodrigues, C; Oliveira, A; Santos, L; Pires, E; Deus, JRBiodegradable polydioxanone stents were developed for the treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures but have been suggested as a new therapeutic option for intestinal strictures. The primary advantage of biodegradable stents over self-expandable metallic stents is that removal is not required. There are, however, few data available on their use in the small or large bowel. We herein describe the case of a 33-year-old patient with long-standing Crohn's disease (CD) who developed a fibrotic stricture of the sigmoid too long to be amenable to balloon dilation. The use of a biodegradable polydioxanone stent was chosen to avoid surgery. Combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of the stent was technically simple, safe and clinically successful, and no recurrence of obstructive symptoms occurred during a 16-mo follow-up. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of biodegradable stents in the treatment of intestinal strictures, particularly in the context of CD.
- C-reactive protein at 24 hours after hospital admission may have relevant prognostic accuracy in acute pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort studyPublication . Cardoso, F; Ricardo, L; Oliveira, AM; Horta, D; Papoila, A; Deus, JR; Canena, JIntroduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) and Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) have been used in early risk assessment of patients with AP. Objectives: We evaluated prognostic accuracy of CRP at 24 hours after hospital admission (CRP24) for in-hospital mortality (IM) in AP individually and with BISAP. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 134 patients with AP from a Portuguese hospital in 2009---2010. Prognostic accuracy assessment used area under receiver---operating characteristic curve (AUC), continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: Thirteen percent of patients had severe AP, 26% developed pancreatic necrosis, and 7% died during index hospital stay. AUCs for CRP24 and BISAP individually were 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65---0.95) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.59---0.95), respectively. No patients with CRP24 <60 mg/l died (P = 0.027; negative predictive value 100% (95% CI 92.3---100%)). AUC for BISAP plus CRP24 was 0.81 (95% CI 0.65---0.97). Change in NRI nonevents (42.4%; 95% CI, 24.9---59.9%) resulted in positive overall NRI (31.3%; 95% CI, − 36.4% to 98.9%), but IDI nonevents was negligible (0.004; 95% CI, − 0.007 to 0.014). Conclusions: CRP24 revealed good prognostic accuracy for IM in AP; its main role may be the selection of lowest risk patients.
- Can red cell distribution width be used as a marker of Crohn's disease activity?Publication . Oliveira, AM; Cardoso, F; Rodrigues, C; Santos, L; Martins, A; Deus, JR; Reis, JIntroduction: Recently, it has been suggested an association between red cell distribution width (RDW) and Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI), but its use is not yet performed in daily clinical practice. Objectives: To determine whether RDW can be used as a marker of Crohn’s disease (CD) activity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including patients with CD, observed consecutively in an outpatient setting between January 1st and September 30th 2013. Blood cell indices, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein were measured. CD activity was determined by CDAI (active disease if CDAI ≥ 150). Associations were analyzed using logistic regression (SPSS version 20). Results: 119 patients (56% female) were included in the study with a mean age of 47 years (SD 15.2). Twenty patients (17%) had active disease. The median RDW was 14.0 (13---15). There was an association between RDW and disease activity (p = 0.044). After adjustment for age and gender, this association remained consistent (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03---1.39, p = 0.016). It was also found that the association between RDW and disease activity was independent of hemoglobin and ESR (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.08---1.72, p = 0.01) and of biologic therapy (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03---1.37, p = 0.017). A RDW cutoff of 16% had a specificity and negative predictive value for CDAI ≥ 150 of 88% and 86%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, RDW proved to be an independent and relatively specific marker of CD activity. These results may contribute to the implementation of this simple parameter, in clinical practice, aiming to help therapeutic decisions.
- Celiac disease and upper tract Crohn's disease: a rare associationPublication . Alberto, S; Martins, A; Deus, JRThe authors present the case of a 47 years old female, with no past or familial history, hospitalized due to vomiting and significant weight loss over the last 9 months, without abdominal pain, blood loss, constipation or diarrhea. Blood tests results revealed iron deficiency anaemia, seropositivity for ASCA, anti-transglutaminase antibody and HLA-DQ2. Upper GI endoscopy showed several ulcers in duodenal mucosa and an ulcerated stricture in D3; biopsies were taken and histopathology revealed transmural inflammatory chronic infiltrate, crypt loss and some areas of villous atrophy and intraepithelial lymphocytosis. The small bowel follow through confirmed 2 main strictures in duodenum and proximal jejunum. She was started on prednisolone, azathioprine and a gluten-free diet with an initial good response although relapse was detected one month later. In this last admission, parenteral nutrition was necessary due to her deteriorated nutritional state and she also started infliximab, with subsequent significant clinical and endoscopic improvement.
- Chronic abdominal pain with a difficult diagnosisPublication . Oliveira, AM; Rodrigues, C; Santos, L; Martins, A; Deus, JR